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Herbicides
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Pre-Emergence Herbicides: Group of herbicides that works in the soil to prevent the emergence of plants from seeds. These weed preventers must be applied to the ground and activated prior to weed seed germination. Upon germination, the seedlings absorb the herbicide in the soil and die. Correct application timing is the key for successful weed prevention. The timing depends upon each weed’s life cycle as well as environmental conditions. Soils treated with these compounds should be left undisturbed, so the herbicide barrier formed is not broken. Pre-emergence herbicides are selective in that they are tolerated by the crop, but control the weeds that are a problem. It is important to choose an herbicide that is active against the weeds that will be encountered.
Click to download Pre-Emergence Herbicide Matrix PDF |
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Post-Emergence Herbicides: Group of herbicides that kill weeds after they have germinated and emerged from the soil as a plant. These weed killers can be selective or non-selective. Selective herbicides only kill specific plants such as a broadleaf weed killer only kills broadleaves while leaving grasses unharmed. A non-selective herbicide kills all of the plants that the compound comes in contact with. Post-emergence herbicides kill either on contact or systemically. Systemic herbicides are absorbed and moved throughout the plant and are useful for controlling perennial weeds. For best control, the weeds must be actively growing so the herbicide can be translocated throughout the plant. Contact herbicides kill only the portion of the plant that is physically contacted by the herbicide. Contact type herbicides control small annual weeds, but only burn-back perennial or large annual weeds.
Click to download Post-Emergence Herbicide Matrix PDF |
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Aquatic Weed Control: Small quantities of algae and other aquatic vegetation are beneficial to lakes and ponds, but when they become over abundant it may cause problems. In large quantities they can reduce the recreational and aesthetic value of a body of water, as well as alter some of the natural qualities such as fish and wildlife populations. Tolerance levels of aquatic vegetation and purpose of the body of water will determine whether or not to treat as well as when to treat. There are four types of aquatic vegetation: emergent, submerged, floating, and algae.
- Emergent: a general rule for eradicating emergent plants is to apply a herbicide when the plant is finishing its flowering stage and beginning to set its seed head.
- Examples: cattails, bulrushes, spike-rushes, smartweeds, and arrowhead
- Submerged: application of herbicide is ideal before the maximum biomass is attained. Generally, treatments should not occur until after the water temperature reaches a consistent 60 degrees.
- Examples: pondweeds, naiads, Eurasian watermilfoil, elodea, and coontail
- Floating: same recommendations as emergent vegetation can be applied when leaves have reached the surface.
- Examples: water lilies, water lotus, pennywort, watershield, watermeal, and duckweeds
- Algae: same recommendations as submerged vegetation can be applied. The only difference between submerged vegetation control and algae is that algae can return 4-8 weeks after application.
- Examples: planktonic, filamentous, bottom mat-forming, chara, and blue-green
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